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the discipline of cognitive behaviour therapy (cbt) emerged as a result of many of the major advances made in the area of cognitive psychology following the cognitive revolution. aaron t. beck is widely recognised as the founder of cognitive therapy, a form of cbt therapy. (#27) his work in the fields of depression recognition and treatment has received international acclaim. beck makes three important points in his 1987 book cognitive therapy of depression about his rationale for treating depression with therapy or therapy and antidepressants rather than a pharmacological+only approach:

1. despite the fact that antidepressants are widely prescribed, not all patients respond to them. just 60 to 65 percent of patients react to antidepressants, according to beck (in 1987), and recent meta++n+lyses (a statistical breakdown of several studies) show similar results. [page 28]

2. many people who react well to antidepressants stop taking them for a variety of reasons. they may experience side effects or have a personal objection to taking the medications

3. according to beck, the use of psychotropic medications can lead to a deterioration in a person’s coping mechanisms. his hypothesis is that the person becomes dependent on the drug as a means of improving mood and neglects to use the coping mechanisms that healthy people use to relieve the effects of depressive symptoms. when patients are weaned off antidepressants and struggle to do so, they are frequently unable to cope with normal levels of depression and feel compelled to reintroduce antidepressant usage. [no. 29]

psychology of the social world

many aspects of contemporary social science have their origins in cognitive psychology studies

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[number 30] social cognition is a sub+discipline of social psychology that focuses on mechanisms that have received a lot of attention in cognitive psychology and have been applied to human experiences. “the study of the mental processes involved in perceiving, listening to, recalling, thinking about, and making sense of the people in our social environment,” says gordon b. moskowitz. (#31)

in studies of violent and anti+social activity, the creation of multiple social information processing (sip) models has been influential. kenneth dodge’s sip model is one of the most empirically supported models of violence, if not the most. dodge claims that children with a better capacity to interpret social knowledge are more likely to engage in socially appropriate behaviour. according to his model, when assessing experiences with other people, a person goes through five stages, and how they perceive cues is crucial to their reactionary process. (#32)

psychology of development
many of the most well+known figures in the field of developmental psychology use cognitive models to explain development. the theory of mind (tom), one of the main paradigms of developmental psychology, is concerned with an individual’s ability to accurately perceive and assign perception to others around them. children between the ages of 4 and 6 are usually the first to grasp this idea. before developing tom, a child is unable to comprehend that people around them can have different opinions, ideas, or emotions than they do. metacognition, or thinking of one’s own feelings, is crucial to the growth of tom. the child must be able to understand that they have their own thoughts, as well as that others have their own thoughts. (#33)

jean piaget, one of the most influential figures in developmental psychology, based much of his work on cognitive development from birth to adulthood. despite the fact that aspects of his cognitive growth have presented significant difficulties, they have remained a staple in the field of education. many of piaget’s principles have been combined with modern theory to synthesise the dominant views of today. piaget’s concepts and theories predated the cognitive revolution, but they influenced a wealth of study in the field of cognitive science, and many of his principles have been blended with modern theory to synthesise the dominant views of today. (34th)

psychological aspects of education

many ideas from cognitive science have been incorporated into modern educational theories. the following are some of the most well+known concepts:

metacognition is a general term that encompasses all aspects of a person’s feelings and understanding of their own thinking. self+monitoring, which is strongly related to how well students are able to assess their personal knowledge and apply techniques to develop knowledge in areas where they are deficient, is a key area of educational interest in this realm. (#35)

declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge are two types of knowledge. declarative knowledge is a person’s encyclopaedic knowledge base, while procedural knowledge is basic knowledge about how to execute specific tasks. in order to promote accelerated learning, these cognitive paradigms are being applied to education to improve a student’s ability to incorporate declarative information into newly learned procedures. (#35)

information organisation has been a major focus in the field of education in recent years as a result of cognitive psychology’s interpretation of how knowledge is structured in the brain. the hierarchical method of organising knowledge and how it translates well into the brain’s memory are principles that have proved to be extremely useful in the classroom. (#35)

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