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washington — secretary of state john kerry has accused russia of behaving in a “19th-century fashion” because of its annexation of crimea

but western experts who have followed the success of russian forces in carrying out president vladimir v. putin’s policy in crimea and eastern ukraine have come to a different conclusion about russian military strategy. they see a military disparaged for its decline since the fall of the soviet union sk!llfully employing 21st-century tactics that combine cyberwarfare, an energetic information campaign and the use of highly trained special operation troops to seize the initiative from the west

“it is a significant shift in how russian ground forces approach a problem,” said james g. stavridis, the retired admiral and former nato commander. “they have played their hand of cards with finesse.”
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the abilities the russian military has displayed are not only important to the high-stakes drama in ukraine, they also have implications for the security of moldova, georgia, central asian nations and even the central europe nations that are members of nato

the dexterity with which the russians have operated in ukraine is a far cry from the bludgeoning artillery, airstrikes and surface-to-surface missiles used to retake grozny, the chechen capital, from chechen separatists in 2000. in that conflict, the notion of avoiding collateral damage to civilians and civilian infrastructure appeared to be alien

since then russia has sought to develop more effective ways of projecting power in the “near abroad,” the non-russian nations that emerged from the collapse of the soviet union. it has tried to upgrade its military, giving priority to its special forces, airborne and naval infantry — “rapid reaction” abilities that were “road tested” in crimea, according to roger mcdermott, a senior fellow at the jamestown foundation

the speedy success that russia had in crimea does not mean that the overall quality of the russian army, made up mainly of conscripts and no match for the high-tech american military, has been transformed

“the operation reveals very little about the current condition of the russian armed forces,” said mr. mcdermott. “its real strength lay in covert action combined with sound intelligence concerning the weakness of the kiev government and their will to respond militarily.”

still, russia’s operations in ukraine have been a swift meshing of hard and soft power. the obama administration, which once held out hope that mr. putin would seek an “off ramp” from the pursuit of crimea, has repeatedly been forced to play catch-up after the kremlin changed what was happening on the ground

“it is much more sophisticated, and it reflects the evolution of the russian military and of russian training and thinking about operations and strategy over the years,” said stephen j. blank, a former expert on the russian military at the united states army war college who is a senior fellow at the american foreign policy council

for its intervention in crimea, the russians used a so-called snap military exercise to distract attention and hide their preparations. then specially trained troops, without identifying patches, moved quickly to secure key installations. once the operation was underway, the russian force cut telephone cables, jammed communications and used cyberwarfare to cut off the ukrainian military forces on the peninsula

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“they disconnected the ukrainian forces in crimea from their command and control,” the nato commander, gen. philip m. breedlove, said in a recent interview

as it cemented control, the kremlin has employed an unrelenting media campaign to reinforce its narrative that a russian-abetted intervention had been needed to rescue the russian-speaking population from right-wing extremists and chaos

no sooner had the obama administration demanded that russia pull back from crimea than the kremlin raised the stakes by m-ssing about 40,000 troops near ukraine’s eastern frontier

soon, the russians were sending small, well-equipped teams across the ukrainian border to seize government buildings that could be turned over to sympathizers and local militias, american officials said. police stations and interior ministry buildings, which stored arms that could be turned over to local supporters, were targeted

“because they have some local support they can keep leveraging a very small cadre of very good fighters and move forward,” said daniel goure, an expert on the russian military at the lexington inst-tute, a policy research group

while the kremlin retains the option of mounting a large-scale intervention in eastern ukraine, the immediate purposes of the air and ground forces m-ssed near ukraine appears to be to deter the ukrainian military from cracking down in the east and to dissuade the united states from providing substantial military support

the kremlin has used its military deployment to b-ttress its diplomatic strategy of insisting on an extensive degree of federalism in ukraine, one in which the eastern provinces would be largely autonomous and under moscow’s influence

and as russians have flexed their muscles, the white house appears to have refocused its demands. crimea barely figured in the talks in geneva that involved mr. kerry and his counterparts from russia, ukraine and the european union

the obama administration’s urgent goal is to persuade the kremlin to relinquish control over the government buildings in eastern ukraine that the american officials insist have been held by small teams of russian troops or pro-russian separatists under moscow’s influence. despite the focus on the combustible situation in eastern ukraine, the joint statement the diplomats issued in geneva did not even mention the presence of russia’s 40,000 troops near the border, which president obama has urged be withdrawn

military experts say that the sort of strategy the kremlin has employed in ukraine is likely to work best in areas in which there are pockets of ethnic russians to provide local support. the strategy is also easier to carry out if it is done close to russian territory, where a large and intimidating force can be -ssembled and the russian military can easily supply special forces

“it can be used in the whole former soviet sp-ce,” said chris donnelly, a former top adviser at nato, who added that georgia, moldova, armenia, azerbaijan and the central asia states were “very vulnerable.”

“the baltic states are much less vulnerable, but there will still be pressure on them and there will on poland and central europe,” mr. donnelly added

admiral stavridis agreed that russia’s strategy would be most effective when employed against a nation with a large number of sympathizers. but he said that russia’s deft use of cyberwarfare, special forces and conventional troops was a development that nato needed to study and factor into its planning

“in all of those areas they have raised their game, and they have integrated them quite capably,” he said. “and i think that has utility no matter where you are operating in the world.”

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